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肥胖癥是美國第二大可預防死亡原因。它與多種合并癥相關,包括2型糖尿病(T2D)、代謝功能障礙相關肝病(MASLD,之前稱為非酒精性脂肪肝病,NAFLD)、心血管疾病和癌癥。最初為治療T2D而開發(fā)的胰高血糖素樣肽1(GLP-1)、葡萄糖依賴性胰島素促進多肽(GIP)和胰高血糖素受體激動劑在肥胖癥治療中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的治療用途。
Cayman中國區(qū)總代理,艾美捷科技,提供這些僅供研究使用的試劑,以支持2型糖尿病和肥胖癥等代謝性疾病的研究。本文探討了這些試劑背后的科學。
胰島素和胰高血糖素調(diào)節(jié)血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)
調(diào)節(jié)血糖水平主要由胰腺釋放的激素:胰島素和胰高血糖素驅(qū)動。這兩種激素作用相反,共同調(diào)節(jié)血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)。
胰島素在血糖水平高(高血糖)時釋放,通過向細胞發(fā)出信號吸收血液中的葡萄糖以供能量或儲存,從而降低血糖水平。胰高血糖素在血糖水平低(低血糖)時釋放。它刺激肝臟通過糖原分解增加葡萄糖產(chǎn)生,從而提高血糖水平。

圖1. 葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài)中胰島素和胰高血糖素途徑的總結。
GLP-1和GIP通過刺激餐后胰島素釋放來調(diào)節(jié)血糖水平
餐后血糖水平通常會上升,禁食時下降。餐后,葡萄糖——細胞進行無數(shù)生物過程所需的關鍵能量來源——被釋放到血液中,增加血糖水平。
為了刺激餐后胰島素的分泌,身體利用兩種在腸道產(chǎn)生的腸促胰島素激素:胰高血糖素樣肽1(GLP-1)和葡萄糖依賴性胰島素促進多肽(GIP)。這些激素在餐后釋放,并刺激胰腺分泌胰島素,向細胞發(fā)出信號吸收葡萄糖以供能量或儲存,減少餐后血糖水平的增加。
GLP-1調(diào)節(jié)食欲和食物攝入量
除了刺激胰島素產(chǎn)生外,GLP-1(而不是GIP)還減緩胃排空,降低腸道運動性,減少食物攝入和食欲,并通過復雜的中樞和外周途徑刺激胰高血糖素依賴的能量消耗。這些效應共同促進減重,使GLP-1受體(GLP-1R)激動劑成為肥胖癥的有價值方法。

圖2. GLP-1和GIP在葡萄糖穩(wěn)態(tài)和體重減輕中的作用的總結
肥胖癥研究中的腸促胰島素基礎療法
單一激動劑
塞美格魯肽是一種GLP-1R激動劑,是一種GLP-1的肽類似物,用于促進減重。研究表明,與僅改變生活方式(如減少熱量攝入和增加體力活動)相比,它可以幫助肥胖個體實現(xiàn)更大的減重效果。
其他基于肽的GLP-1R激動劑,如利西那肽、利拉魯肽、度拉糖肽和艾塞那肽,它們在分子結構、大小、藥理學、效力和安全性上有所不同,根據(jù)個體情況提供各種優(yōu)勢。
非肽類療法可能比基于肽的療法提供優(yōu)勢。基于肽的療法通常是大分子量化合物,需要注射,而非肽類GLP-1R激動劑,如orforglipron,或正向別構調(diào)節(jié)劑,如V-0219,可以作為口服制劑。這些非肽GLP-1R激動劑正在進行臨床試驗。
雙重激動劑
曲普瑞肽是一種首創(chuàng)的雙重GLP-1R和GIPR激動劑。雖然GIP單獨似乎不會延遲胃排空或改變食物攝入和食欲,但由于尚不清楚的原因,GLP-1和GIP受體(GIPR)激動劑協(xié)同作用,與單獨使用GLP-1R激動劑相比提供更大的益處。這些雙重GLP-1R和GIPR激動劑,俗稱“雙促胰島素”,似乎也因為它們的雙重作用機制而減少副作用。這些雙重激動劑的優(yōu)勢激發(fā)了進一步研究針對多重作用機制的療法。
三重激動劑
一種新的方法是通過針對三個激素受體。胰高血糖素受體(GCGR)拮抗劑最初作為T2D療法被追求,基于它們會減弱葡萄糖產(chǎn)生并促進胰島素分泌的想法。然而,由于與肝脂肪變性發(fā)展相關的MASLD安全問題,這些藥物開發(fā)努力不再受青睞。
然而,盡管GCGR激動劑具有高血糖效應,但它們通過刺激熱生成促進飽腹感和增加能量消耗,使它們成為研究肥胖癥的潛在寶貴補充。GCGR激動作用的高血糖效應可以通過包括刺激胰島素分泌的制劑來抵消,從而降低血糖水平,使GLP-1R和/或GIPR激動劑的多激動劑制劑成為肥胖癥的新療法。事實上,retatrutide,一種三重GLP-1R、GIPR和GCGR激動劑,在臨床試驗中顯示出前景。
| GLP-1R Agonists | GIPR Agonists | GCGR Agonists | |
| SemaglutideA peptide analog |
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| LixisenatideA peptide analog |
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| DulaglutideA peptide analog |
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| ExendinA peptide analog |
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| OrforglipronA non-peptide agonist |
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| V-0219A non-peptide positive allosteric modulator |
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| LSN3318839A non-peptide positive allosteric modulator |
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| Taspoglutide (acetate)A peptide analog |
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| LiraglutideA peptide analog |
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| TirzepatideA peptide analog |
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| BamadutideA peptide analog |
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| Cotadutide (acetate)A peptide analog |
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| SurvodutideA peptide analog |
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| MazdutideA peptide analog |
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| RetatrutideA peptide analog |
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| SAR441255 (sodium salt)A peptide analog |
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| These products are for scientific research use only. | |||
未來方向
此外,這些重新用于T2D治療的許多療法不僅在肥胖癥中被探索,還在與肥胖癥相關的其他疾病中被探索,包括心力衰竭和心血管疾病。這些相同的制劑還顯示出治療其他疾病,如物質(zhì)使用障礙和神經(jīng)退行性疾病如阿爾茨海默病和帕金森病的潛在益處。
以上產(chǎn)品僅供科學研究使用。
超900+糖尿病研究相關研究試劑,歡迎垂詢Cayman中國區(qū)總代理,艾美捷科技:

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